Daily Archives: 11/05/2006

Something I wrote in 1997 on empowerment

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POWER POINTS …..

We need to rebuild the links between personal empowerment and collective action,
says Stuart G Hall

Its on prime time on Australian TV, been sent to thousands of British teenagers and is being used in prisons to educate rapists, such is the success of the first issue of Body Shops Full Voice magazine. Outraged by fashion magazines which glamourised battered women and worshipped heroin chic, Anita Roddick and her campaign team set their sights on the beauty industry and the media. The media are doing something they havent done for decades, they really making cult of passivity – of being beaten – as a fashion cult or icon. Women are angry because it works so bloody well, says Roddick.

At the heart of the mini-magazine, over half a million of which were distributed in January, was the belief that if passivity is the problem, empowerment is the solution. The second issue of Full Voice developed this theme, from how schools create passivity, to Ten Ways To Be An Activist – handy hints for the ethically-minded consumer on how to Act Up. Words over the picture of a womans scratched out face say: I cant. I want to. What Stops me? The Full Voice answer: Its about empowerment. Once we accept that were powerful as individuals, that people will listen to us, that we can make a difference. Once we accept that, we act.

 

 The courage of Helen Steel and Dave Morris reminded us that people acquire strength through struggle. The need for individuals to gain self-esteem as a first step to collective action has long been recognised by feminists, and in particular ways to systematically link individual empowerment and collective action to obtain power. Usually this process is unconscious. It was a means born of necessity amongst women during the 1984-5 miners strike, who discovered a new self-confidence and an exhilarating sense of personal liberation within their day-to-day involvement in keeping the fight going (Susan Watkins, Red Pepper). Understanding how to forge the link between individual empowerment and collective action, and a systematic means to forge that link, is crucial to political action.

Until now bosses and politicians who have reaped the benefits of empowerment. Getting more out of your workers by setting up quality circles to discuss improvements in production is packaged in the language of empowerment. But empowerment without power is a currency of limited value as the link between individual empowerment and collective action is twisted to benefit the bosses. A similar problem is presented by New Labour’s use of empowerment. Peter Mandelson recently called for a different sort of government…consciously adopting a different style of governing. A government…that rejects top down solutions and that reaches out to engage public opinion and bind effective partnerships from the bottom up. But it is doubtful whether they mean to give real power to ordinary people, including party members.

Exposing the empty words of empowerment of bosses and politicians, and exploring ways to link real empowerment with collective action, is common currency amongst the DIY activists. Reclaim the Streets, born out of the M11 and Twyford Down protests, which joined forces with the striking Liverpool dockers and Women of the Waterfront, state in their manifesto. Direct action is not just a tactic; it is about empowering people to unite as individuals with a common aim, to change things directly by our own actions. But direct action only works well for specific protests. Often faced with the superior resources of the state, and bringing no more than moral victories, it can end up making people feel less powerful.

Brazilian educationalist Paulo Freire, who died in May, argued that a top-down approach to teaching and learning simply kept people poor and passive. In Pedagogy of the Oppressed, published in 1970, he advocated a process of reflective learning within the community itself, with professionals being a catalyst for change through action-reflection-action-reflection and a collective development of consciousness. I realised the power of this approach when I was training mental health user groups across London with basic media skills – a necessity for people facing the daily taunt of psycho. I witnessed what Freire had described as they gained the confidence to fight for what they need in a media-manipulated economy.

Something I wrote in 1998

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Do-It-yourself PR…..
Over the last fifteen years the voluntary sector’s attitude to public relations has changed radically, explains Stuart Hall. Where once it dismissed PR as an irrelevant luxury useful only to big business, the sector is now starting to train some of the most powerless groups in society in the public relations skills they need to speak for themselves.

So what’s the story behind the voluntary sector’s growing appreciation of the value of PR, to the extent that it is now being used as a tool for empowerment? The prime mover for this change of mind was the increasingly commercial environment that voluntary groups found themselves in at the start of the 1980’s.

The big charities led the way in using business methods – including PR – as a way of surviving the cash cuts and prospering in Thatcherís Britain. The penny was slower to drop with the rest of the voluntary sector, which still regarded PR as little more than publicity stunts and media events, having little practical value to offer those working at the ësharp endí of life.

‘No magic’

By contrast, when faced with a similarly competitive environment, small businesses turned to a new kind of PR that was affordable, relevant and effective: do-it-yourself public relations. In his 1981 book Be Your Own PR Man, Michael Bland pointed out: “Thereís really no magic to PR. It does not require experts and it can be practised by any small businessman. It is something you can teach yourself. Indeed, as the person running the show you are better suited than anyone else to handle your firmís PR.”

Bland’s book not only showed the value of PR skills, but also how straightforward it is to acquire them and achieve results: “What PR can be is the difference between ‘plodding along’ and ‘taking off’, and in terms of the time and money required it is the most cost-effective business tool you can have.”

‘A dirty word’

More than a decade later Moi Ali’s The DIY Guide to Public Relations took this vital message to the voluntary sector. “When I started off working in the voluntary sector, PR was still a dirty word,” says Ali, “and people wondered what it had to do with the real issues like poverty or homelessness which they were dealing with.”

She thinks PR should take some of the credit for making the voluntary sector more professional and more responsive to clients. And in a sector hard-pressed for cash, an organisation with a more professional profile stands a much better chance of getting funding: “In an increasingly competitive market, with more organisations but no more money, it’s those with the profile that often secure the funding. It may be unfair, but itís the reality.”

Two-way communication

As well as being a practical guide, Ali’s book is valuable for the way in which it explains in clear terms what PR actually is. As the means of facilitating two-way communication between an organisation and its ‘publics’ (clients to staff, external and internal), PR employs specific tools for specific functions; used properly, itís far from being the blunt instrument it’s so often characterised as.

Here is an example from Ali’s recent consultancy work of how to get an organisation to improve its communications with its clients: “At a housing association, I got the staff to walk around the office and try and look at the place through their clients’ eyes. It was only then they noticed that where people were interviewed was lit with a bare bulb which made it look more like an interrogation cell rather than an interview room; that only cost £5 to put right with a new lampshade.”

Or to put it another way: which is more welcoming to clients, a friendly, tidy reception area of an unfriendly, messy place? Which organisation is more effective, one that asks for ideas from its staff and acts on them, or one which believes it knows what itís doing and hasn’t the time to consult staff?

Consumer-minded

That is why PR, properly understood and applied, can be so powerful. Just as the 1980’s forced the voluntary sector to become more commercially-minded, whether through legislation like the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 or simply because of the general trend to consult users of any services.

At its most radical, this challenge by users to the traditionally top-down, paternalistic culture of charities is coming from some of the least powerful groups in society, such as the users of mental health services. They are running their own groups, cutting out the ‘middleman’ by using PR skills to communicate directly with the outside world.

Empowering vision

This empowering vision of PR is what I attempted to put across when I used Ali’s book to train and support mental health user groups across London in the Headlines Project, funded by the City Parochial Foundation and based at Mental Health Media, This do-it-yourself public relations training was valuable at a number of levels: most importantly, by training users in interview skills and writing press releases, it enabled them to start dispersing the stigma of mental health by getting stories in the local press and working together to challenge the hostile media coverage in the tabloids.

As the co-ordinator of the Consumer Forum in Hammersmith, Jamie Summers, admitted, “Two years ago no one tried to do anything positive with the media because of the hurt caused by sensationalist coverage. But through the Headlines project we have seen what other groups have achieved, and slowly people are feeling – myself included – that there are good journalists worth talking to.”

Confidence

The empowering benefits of such training doesn’t stop there, however. “By giving us confidence, it has changed our whole image to being more confident and part of the community,” said Irene Chaloner, who runs Bromley User Group. “This feeling has gone right through our organisation.”

Training other groups in PR skills would be truly empowering because it would enable some of the least powerful sections of society to speak and act independently, and in such a way that their views would start to be taken seriously by the outside world. As Martin Luther King III said at a community meeting in Archway last November, “You can’t pull yourself up by the bootstraps unless you’ve got the boots in the first place.”